![]() ![]() carbohydrates – have covalently linked sugar groups.Some lipids contain covalently attached polar groups, which may act as attachment points for multiple hydrophobic lipid molecules. lipids – typically large molecules comprised of nonpolar bonds, making them hydrophobic.proteins – made of amino acid subunits linked between carbon and nitrogen.nucleic acids – made of nucleotide subunits linked through their phosphate backbone. ![]() In physiology, the four major macromolecules are: A polymer is a single molecule composed of similar monomers. They are not created in the absence of life, nor can they persist for long outside living systems.Įssentially, a macromolecule is a single molecule that consists of many covalently linked subunit molecules. Macromolecules are not intrinsically stable. They are the basis of complex cellular life. It’s the large size of macromolecules that dictates their importance in living systems. It’s the extent of repetition that leads to large size. The process of polymerization links together the smaller components (monomers). Macromolecules are typically comprised of at least 1,000 atoms, with repeated structures of smaller components. The prefix “macro-” means “very large scale.” Indeed, macromolecules dwarf other molecules involved in life’s chemistry, such as table salt (NaCl) or water (H 2O). Macromolecules are giants of the atomic world. Chapter 9: The Lymphatic System and Immunityĥ3. Endocrine Homeostasis and Integration of Systemsĥ9. Introduction to the Respiratory Systemħ0. Reproductive Structures and Functions Chapter 3: Homeostasis and Feedback LoopsĢ3. Introduction to the Integumentary SystemĢ4. Integumentary Structures and Functionsģ9. Nervous System Levels of OrganizationĤ2. Cardiovascular Structures and FunctionsĤ3. Cardiovascular Levels of OrganizationĤ5. Cardiovascular Integration of Systems Chapter 2 Part 4: Higher Order Structuresġ8. Organ Systems, The Whole Body, and Populations Chapter 2 Part 1: Levels of Organization - Introductionġ5. Cell Division and Control of Cell Number Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology The two molecules above are different, prove this to yourself by building a model.I. ![]() Below are two drawings of a 4-carbon molecule with two chlorines and two bromines attached.Ĥ-carbon molecule with 2 chlorines and 2 bromines 4-carbon molecule with 2 chlorines and 2 brominesīoth drawings look like they represent the same molecule however, if we add dashes and wedged we will see that two different molecules could be depicted: This drawing method is essential because the placement of different atoms could yield different molecules even if the molecular formulas were exactly the same. The majority of the drawing is Bond-line (zig-zag) formula, but the -CH 3 are written as condensed formulas, and the -OH group is written in Kekul é form.Ī widely used way of showing the 3D structure of molecules is the use of dashes, wedges, and straight lines. It will be more helpful if you become comfortable going from one style of drawing to another, and look at drawings and understanding what they mean, than knowing which kind of drawing is named what.Īn example of a drawing that incorporates all three ways to draw organic molecules would be the following additional drawing of Retinol. The different ways to draw organic molecules include Keku l é (straight-line), Condensed Formul as, and Bond-Line Formulas (zig-zag). Through general chemistry, you may have already experienced looking at molecular structure. Another good idea is to get a model kit and physically make the molecules that you have trouble picturing in your head. At first it may seem difficult or overwhelming, but the more you practice looking at and drawing organic molecules, the more familiar you will become with the structures and formulas. Some people say that Organic Chemistry is like another language, and in some aspects, it is. Learning and practicing the basics of Organic Chemistry will help you immensely in the long run as you learn new concepts and reactions. ![]()
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